Explain Normalization concept?
The normalization process involves getting our data to conform to three progressive normal forms, and a higher level of normalization cannot be achieved until the previous levels have been achieved (there are actually five normal forms, but the last two are mainly academic and will not be discussed).First Normal FormThe First Normal Form (or 1NF) involves removal of redundant data from horizontal rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication of data in a given row, and that every column stores the least amount of information possible (making the field atomic).Second Normal FormWhere the First Normal Form deals with redundancy of data across a horizontal row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of data in vertical columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form, your tables must already be in First Normal Form.Third Normal Form
I have a confession to make; I do not often use Third Normal Form. In Third Normal Form we are looking for data in our tables that is not fully dependant on the primary key, but dependant on another value in the table.
How can we find the number of rows in a table using MySQL?
Use this for mysql
>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
How can we find the number of rows in a result set using PHP?
$result = mysql_query($sql, $db_link);
$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
echo “$num_rows rows found”;
How many ways we can we find the current date using MySQL?
SELECT CURDATE();
CURRENT_DATE() = CURDATE()
for time use
SELECT CURTIME();
CURRENT_TIME() = CURTIME()
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cascading Style Sheets?
External Style SheetsAdvantagesCan control styles for multiple documents at once. Classes can be created for use on multiple HTML element types in many documents.Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex
contextsDisadvantagesAn extra download is required to import style information for each document The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of
style definitionsEmbedded Style Sheets
Advantages
Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document. Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts. No additional downloads necessary to receive style information
Disadvantages
This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once
Inline Styles
Advantages
Useful for small quantities of style definitions. Can override other style specification methods at the local level so only exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with other style methods
Disadvantages
Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML). Can not control styles for multiple documents at once. Author can not create or control classes of elements to control multiple element types within the document. Selector grouping methods can not be used to create complex element addressing scenarios.
What type of inheritance that PHP supports?
In PHP an extended class is always dependent on a single base class, that is, multiple inheritance is not supported. Classes are extended using the keyword ‘extends’.
What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique key?
Primary Key: A column in a table whose values uniquely identify the rows in the table. A primary key value cannot be NULL.
Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in the table. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value. So NULL can be a unique key.There can be only one primary key for a table but there can be more than one unique for a table.
what is garbage collection? default time ? refresh time?
Garbage Collection is an automated part of PHP , If the Garbage Collection process runs, it then analyzes any files in the /tmp for any session files that have not been accessed in a certain amount of time and physically deletes them. Garbage Collection process only runs in the default session save directory, which is /tmp. If you opt to save your sessions in a different directory, the Garbage Collection process will ignore it. the Garbage Collection process does not differentiate between which sessions belong to whom when run. This is especially important note on shared web servers. If the process is run, it deletes ALL files that have not been accessed in the directory. There are 3 PHP.ini variables, which deal with the garbage collector: PHP ini value name default session.gc_maxlifetime 1440 seconds or 24 minutes session.gc_probability 1 session.gc_divisor 100
What are the advantages/disadvantages of MySQL and PHP?
Both of them are open source software (so free of cost), support cross platform. php is faster then ASP and JSP.
What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in Sql?
ORDER BY [col1],[col2],¦,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns it should sort the result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1 it will try to sort them according to col2 and so on.GROUP BY [col1],[col2],¦,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results with same value of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if
you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average
What is the difference between char and varchar data types?
Set char to occupy n bytes and it will take n bytes even if u r storing a value of n-m bytes Set varchar to occupy n bytes and it will take only the required space and will not use the n bytes eg. name char(15) will waste 10 bytes if we store ‘romharshan’, if each char takes a byte eg. name varchar(15) will just use 5 bytes if we store ‘romharshan’, if each char takes a byte. rest 10 bytes will be free.
What is the functionality of md5 function in PHP?
Calculate the md5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal number. I use it to generate keys which I use to identify users etc. If I add random no techniques to it the md5 generated now will be totally different for the same string I am using.
How can I load data from a text file into a table?
you can use LOAD DATA INFILE file_name; syntax to load data from a text file. but you have to make sure thata) data is delimited b) columns and data matched correctly
How can we know the number of days between two given dates using MySQL?
SELECT DATEDIFF(“2007-03-07″,”2005-01-01”);
How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?
$date1 = date(“Y-m-d”);
$date2 = “2006-08-15”;
$days = (strtotime($date1) – strtotime($date2)) / (60 * 60 * 24);
How we load all classes that placed in different directory in one PHP File , means how to do auto load classes
by using spl_autoload_register(‘autoloader::funtion’);
Like below
class autoloader
{
public static function moduleautoloader($class)
{
$path = $_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’] . “/modules/{$class}.php”;
if (is_readable($path)) require $path;
}
public static function daoautoloader($class)
{
$path = $_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’] . “/dataobjects/{$class}.php”;
if (is_readable($path)) require $path;
}
public static function includesautoloader($class)
{
$path = $_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’] . “/includes/{$class}.php”;
if (is_readable($path)) require $path;
}
}
spl_autoload_register(‘autoloader::includesautoloader’);
spl_autoload_register(‘autoloader::daoautoloader’);
spl_autoload_register(‘autoloader::moduleautoloader’);
How many types of Inheritances used in PHP and how we achieve it
As far PHP concern it only support single Inheritance in scripting. we can also use interface to achieve multiple inheritance.
PHP how to know user has read the email?
Using Disposition-Notification-To: in mailheader we can get read receipt.
Add the possibility to define a read receipt when sending an email.
It quite straightforward, just edit email.php, and add this at vars definitions:
var $readReceipt = null;
And then, at createHeader function add:
if (!empty($this->readReceipt)) {
$this->__header .= ‘Disposition-Notification-To: ‘ . $this->__formatAddress($this->readReceipt) . $this->_newLine;
}
What are default session time and path?
default session time in PHP is 1440 seconds or 24 minutes Default session save path id temporary folder /tmp
how to track user logged out or not? when user is idle ?
By checking the session variable exist or not while loading th page. As the session will exist longer as till browser closes. The default behaviour for sessions is to keep a session open indefinitely and only to expire a session when the browser is closed. This behaviour can be changed in the php.ini file by altering the line session.cookie_lifetime = 0 to a value in seconds. If you wanted the session to finish in 5 minutes you would set this to session.cookie_lifetime = 300 and restart your httpd server.
how to track no of user logged in ?
whenever a user logs in track the IP, userID etc..and store it in a DB with a active flag while log out or sesion expire make it inactive. At any time by counting the no: of active records we can get the no: of visitors.
in PHP for pdf which library used?
The PDF functions in PHP can create PDF files using the PDFlib library With version 6, PDFlib offers an object-oriented API for PHP 5 in addition to the function-oriented API for PHP 4. There is also the » Panda module. FPDF is a PHP class which allows to generate PDF files with pure PHP, that is to say without using the PDFlib library. F from FPDF stands for Free: you may use it for any kind of usage and modify it to suit your needs. FPDF requires no extension (except zlib to activate compression and GD for GIF support) and works with PHP4 and PHP5.
for image work which library?
we will need to compile PHP with the GD library of image functions for this to work. GD and PHP may also require other libraries, depending on which image formats you want to work with.
what is design pattern? singleton pattern?
A design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design.
The Singleton design pattern allows many parts of a program to share a single resource without having to work out the details of the sharing themselves.
what are magic methods?
Magic methods are the members functions that is available to all the instance of class Magic methods always starts with “__”. Eg. __construct All magic methods needs to be declared as public To use magic method they should be defined within the class or program scope Various Magic Methods used in PHP 5 are: __construct() __destruct() __set() __get() __call() __toString() __sleep() __wakeup() __isset() __unset() __autoload() __clone()
what is magic quotes?
Magic Quotes is a process that automagically escapes ncoming data to the PHP script. It’s preferred to code with magic quotes off and to instead escape the data at runtime, as needed. This feature has been DEPRECATED as of PHP 5.3.0 and REMOVED as of PHP 6.0.0. Relying on this feature is highly discouraged.
what is cross site scripting? SQL injection?
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications which allow code injection by malicious web users into the web pages viewed by other users. Examples of such code include HTML code and client-side scripts. SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby unexpectedly executed
what is URL rewriting?
Using URL rewriting we can convert dynamic URl to static URL Static URLs are known to be better than Dynamic URLs because of a number of reasons 1. Static URLs typically Rank better in Search Engines. 2. Search Engines are known to index the content of dynamic pages a lot slower compared to static pages. 3. Static URLs are always more friendlier looking to the End Users. along with this we can use URL rewriting in adding variables [cookies] to the URL to handle the sessions.
what is the major php security hole? how to avoid?
1. Never include, require, or otherwise open a file with a filename based on user input, without thoroughly checking it first.
2. Be careful with eval() Placing user-inputted values into the eval() function can be extremely dangerous. You essentially give the malicious user the ability to execute any command he or she wishes!
3. Be careful when using register_globals = ON It was originally designed to make programming in PHP easier (and that it did), but misuse of it often led to security holes
4. Never run unescaped queries
5. For protected areas, use sessions or validate the login every time.
6. If you don’t want the file contents to be seen, give the file a .php extension.
whether PHP supports Microsoft SQL server ?
The SQL Server Driver for PHP v1.0 is designed to enable reliable, scalable integration with SQL Server for PHP applications deployed on the Windows platform. The Driver for PHP is a PHP 5 extension that allows the reading and writing of SQL Server data from within PHP scripts. using MSSQL or ODBC modules we can access Microsoft SQL server.
what is MVC? why its been used?
Model-view-controller (MVC) is an architectural pattern used in software engineering. Successful use of the pattern isolates business logic from user interface considerations, resulting in an application where it is easier to modify either the visual appearance of the application or the underlying business rules without affecting the other. In MVC, the model represents the information (the data) of the application; the view corresponds to elements of the user interface such as text, checkbox items, and so forth; and the controller manages the communication of data and the business rules used to manipulate the data to and from the model. WHY ITS NEEDED IS 1 Modular separation of function 2 Easier to maintain 3 View-Controller separation means:
A Tweaking design (HTML) without altering code B — Web design staff can modify UI without understanding code
what is framework? how it works? what is advantage?
In general, a framework is a real or conceptual structure intended to serve as a support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something useful. Advantages : Consistent Programming Model Direct Support for Security Simplified Development Efforts Easy Application Deployment and Maintenance
what is CURL?
CURL means Client URL Library
curl is a command line tool for transferring files with URL syntax, supporting FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, TELNET, DICT, LDAP, LDAPS and FILE. curl supports SSL certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading, HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, user+password authentication (Basic, Digest, NTLM, Negotiate, kerberos…), file transfer resume, proxy tunneling and a busload of other useful tricks.
CURL allows you to connect and communicate to many different types of servers with many different types of protocols. libcurl currently supports the http, https, ftp, gopher, telnet, dict, file, and ldap protocols. libcurl also supports HTTPS certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading (this can also be done with PHP’s ftp extension), HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, and user+password authentication.
what is PDO ?
The PDO ( PHP Data Objects ) extension defines a lightweight, consistent interface for accessing databases in PHP. if you are using the PDO API, you could switch the database server you used, from say PgSQL to MySQL, and only need to make minor changes to your PHP code.
While PDO has its advantages, such as a clean, simple, portable API but its main disadvantage is that it doesn’t allow you to use all of the advanced features that are available in the latest versions of MySQL server. For example, PDO does not allow you to use MySQL’s support for Multiple Statements.
Just need to use below code for connect mysql using PDO
try {
$dbh = new PDO(“mysql:host=$hostname;dbname=databasename”, $username, $password);
$sql = “SELECT * FROM employee”;
foreach ($dbh->query($sql) as $row)
{
print $row[’employee_name’] .’ – ‘. $row[’employee_age’] ;
}
}
catch(PDOException $e)
{
echo $e->getMessage();
}
What is PHP’s mysqli Extension?
The mysqli extension, or as it is sometimes known, the MySQL improved extension, was developed to take advantage of new features found in MySQL systems versions 4.1.3 and newer. The mysqli extension is included with PHP versions 5 and later.
The mysqli extension has a number of benefits, the key enhancements over the mysql extension being:
=>Object-oriented interface
=>Support for Prepared Statements
=>Support for Multiple Statements
=>Support for Transactions
=>Enhanced debugging capabilities
=>Embedded server support